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MODULE 1 – The Nature of Religion and Belief Systems Overview Students learn about religion as a worldview that acknowledges the supernatural dimension and has a belief in a divine being or powers beyond the human and/or dwelling within the individual Key Questions: What is a worldview?

Definition A function is a relation between two sets of data where each input has 1 or less potential outputs Horizontal Lines, Parabolas, Linear Equations, Hyperbolas, Exponentials, Polynomials and Cubic Graphs are all examples of functions Circles and Vertical Lines are NOT functions In other words, functions can be one-to-one or many-to-one relationships, but not one-to-many relationships (In reference to input and output values) Notation There are 3 methods of expressing functions: \(y=123\) \(f(x)=123\) \(f:x→123\) All of the above methods say the same thing: When \(x\) is the input, \(123\) is the output For example: \(y=2x\) \(f(x)=2x\) \(f:x→2x\) All state that when \(x\) is the input, \(2x\) is the output Vertical Line Test The vertical line test is a quick way to test if a graph is a function If a vertical line can cut the function TWICE OR MORE, the graph is not a function In the graph below, the red graph is a function, but the blue line is not, because the green vertical line cuts the blue line at 2 points Set Notation In set notation, different types of brackets have different meanings: “(” and “)” are used to write a set where the boundaries are EXCLUDED “[” and “]” are used to write a set where the boundaries are INCLUDED \(\infty\) means Infinity while \(- \infty\) means Negative Infinity \(x\in[1,\infty)\) means that “\(x\) is in the set of all numbers between 1 and infinity” Domain And Range All functions have a Domain and Range The domain of a function is all the valid input values The range of a function is all the valid output values Some input values are INVALID and therefore not part of the Domain For Example: In \(g(x)=\sqrt{x}\), only positive values of \(x\) are possible (because negative numbers have no graphable roots) Therefore, \(x\) must be greater than or equal to zero (0) This can be expressed as \(x \geq 0\) OR \(x\in(0,\infty)\) Some output values are INVALID and therefore not part of the Range y-asymptotes are not part of the range All y values above/below the minimum/maximum y of a graph are not part of the range Transformations of a Function (from \(f(x)\)) Vertical Translation Up \(c\) units: \(f(x)+c\) Vertical Translation Down \(c\) units: \(f(x)-c\) Horizontal Translation Left \(c\) units: \(f(x+c)\) Horizontal Translation Right \(c\) units: \(f(x-c)\) Odd and Even functions Even Functions: Symmetrical about the y-axis Rules: \(f(-x)=f(x)\) If \((x,y)\) is a valid solution to \(f(x)\), \((x,-y)\) is in the same function Odd Functions: Symmetrical about the origin \((0,0)\) Rules: \(f(-x)=-f(x)\) If \((x,y)\) is a valid solution to \(f(x)\), then \((-x,-y)\) is also a valid solution Proving/Solving Odd and Even Functions: Find \(f(-x)\) Simplify \(f(-x)\) If \(f(-x) = -f(x)\), the function is ODD If \(f(-x) = f(x)\), the function is EVEN If \(f(-x) \neq f(x)\) AND \(f(-x) \neq -f(x)\), the function is NEITHER ODD NOR EVEN

Divinity and Humanity of Jesus Christ Divine: of or pertaining to God Jesus is 100% divine, God incarnate (made flesh) Human: of of pertaining to the nature of people Jesus is 100% Human Jesus being both 100% divine and 100% human is known as “Hypostatic Union” Jesus is the Word of God made flesh (John 1:1, John 1:14) His divinity is evident through the Gospel testimonies of the miracles and healings performed by Jesus His humanity is evident through his life as a carpenter and his suffering on the Cross Council of Nicaea - 325CE Early Christian thinkers argued over Jesus’ dual nature, and found it difficult to explain how and why God ‘was a man’.

Books of the Bible The Bible can be broken down into 2 parts: Old Testament: Hebrew Bible consisting of the 24 books of the TaNaKh (can be divided into Torah, Nevi’im and Ketuvim) Also contains the Apocrypha/Deuterocanon, which are disputed books (Catholics and Orthodox recognise these books as part of the Bible, Protestants do not) New Testament: 27 books about the life and actions of Jesus, consists of 4 Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John), followed by the Acts of the Apostles, then the 21 Epistles (Letters) and the Book of Revelation.

What is an STI? An STI is an infection or disease that is transmitted through sexual contact Common STI’s include: Chlamydia Genital Herpes Genital Warts Gonorrhoea Hepatitis HIV/AIDS Syphilis Trends of STI’s in Australia Chlamydia is one of the most common Sexually Transmitted Infections in Australia HIV is also quite common in Australia Hepatitis B is also frequent, but is most commonly transmitted through blood.

Types of Things in Programming Variables – Stored data Functions – code that does stuff Loops – A function that runs when its conditions are met Variables: There are 6 important types of variables: Integers – Any whole number Floats – Floating point number, any decimal Null – No value (NOT THE SAME AS 0) Chars – Single characters, can be letters or numbers Boolean – True/False String – Anything that doesn’t fit into the above categories.

Pentecost Fifty days after the resurrection of Christ Descent of the Holy Spirit Symbolised the Birth of the Church The Jesus Movement 30-60 AD Period immediately after the death of Jesus Early Christians saw themselves as a sect of Judaism, not an independent religion believed that they were living in the last days before the Parousia (second coming of Christ) No proper governing body to determine which Jewish practices should be adhered to Persecuted by both Jews and Romans, who saw them as heretics The titles given by Christians to Jesus (such as Lord) were reserved for Caesarea (Emperors’ family, rulers) The Leaders Small groups of Palestinian Jews followed disciples such as Peter in and around Palestine Larger groups of Diaspora Jews (Jews that were not in Israel/Palestine) and Gentiles (Non-Jews) responded to the teachings of Paul Peter was the first Pope Paul created the structure of the Christian Church The Council Of Jerusalem - 50 AD Purpose was to remove the differences within the early Church Removed the requirement for circumcision, amongst other changes New Testament Period - 45-100 AD Gradual formation and centralization of Christian Churches Establishing independence from Judaism Caused by the delay of the Parousia and the deaths of the Apostles Emperor NERO and the Great Fire - 64 AD Christians were blamed for a fire that burned down a large portion of Rome Triggered a mass persecution of Christians, who were already hated for their non-conformity and intolerance of other religions Resulted in the deaths of Paul and Peter Emperor DIOCLETIAN Augustus and the Last Persecution - 303 AD The last of the Ten Persecutions of the Early Church Ended with the reign of Emperor CONSTANTINE, who established Christianity as the religion of the Empire In 302 AD, Roman rulers declared an edict to destroy churches, burn scripture and enslave those who persevered in following Christianity To tear down the churches to the foundations and to destroy the Sacred Scriptures by fire; and commanding also that those who were in honorable stations should be degraded if they persevered in their adherence to Christianity - Followed by 2 more edicts declaring that Christian leaders should be tortured until they gave up their faith ## Emperor CONSTANTINE and the Edict of Milan - 312 AD - Emperor CONSTANTINE declared tolerance for Christianity throughout the Roman Empire - Ordered land from churches to be returned to Christians ## Council of Nicea - 352 AD - Called by Emperor Constantine to restore religious peace - Pope Sylvester and several bishops attended - Purpose was to sort out theological differences between Christian groups, such as the divine status of Christ - Resulted in the creation of the Nicene Creed - Council of Chalcedeon (451 AD) clarified that Jesus was both fully God and fully Man

Straight Line Graphs Standard Form: \(y = mx + b\) Features of a Straight Line Graph X-intercept: substitute \(y=0\) Y-intercept: value of \(b\) Transformations of a Straight Line Graph Vertical Translation Up: increase \(b\) Vertical Translation Down: decrease \(b\) Increase steepness: increase \(m\) Decrease steepness: decrease \(m\) Reflect in y-axis: \(m \times -1\) Reflect in x-axis: \(y \times -1\) AND \(m \times -1\) Reflect in Main Diagonal \((y=x)\): switch y and x Horizontal Translation Left: increase \(b\) Horizontal Translation Right: decrease \(b\) Lines Parallel to the Axis Standard Form (parallel to x-axis): \(y=b\) Standard Form (Parallel to y-axis): \(x=a\) Transformations of Lines Parallel to the Axis Vertical translation up: Increase \(b\) Vertical Translation Down: Decrease \(b\) Horizontal Translation Left: Decrease \(a\) Horizontal Translation Right: Increase \(a\) Parabolas General Form: \(y=ax^2 + bx + c\) Features of a Parabola X-Intercepts (not always present): intersects of parabola and \(y=0\) Y-Intercept: intersects of parabola \(x=0\).

Cloning A clone is an organism that was made by exactly copying the genetic sequence of another organism. Cloning occurs in nature. Examples of natural cloning include mitosis and banana plants.

Commandment to study the Torah The ethical and moral teachings of Judaism are grounded in the Torah, the rule of life. To learn Torah and to teach it (Deuteronomy 6:7) Halachah Halachah is the legal component of Judaism It is concerned with guiding adherents with right relationship with G-d and others It helps to elaborate on the essence of Jewish ethical living The basis for Halachah is grounded in the commandments of the Torah (613 mitzvot), and are expanded/clarified in The Talmud Mitzvot The fundamental source of ethical guidance for Jews is the Torah, which includes the Written and Oral Torah (Talmud).